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This article breaks down how to design a web system for scale, starting with scope, use cases, and constraints. It then walks through high-level and component design, scaling strategies (caching, load balancing, replication), performance tuning, reliability, and front-end considerations.
- Start every system design by pinning down use cases and traffic patterns (RPS, read/write ratio) before drawing architecture
- When the database becomes the bottleneck, add Memcached/Redis caching before jumping to vertical or horizontal scaling
- Choose replication vs. partitioning based on whether you need more read capacity or more write throughput
- Isolate shared concerns (auth, caching, DB access) in a platform layer so web, mobile, and API servers can scale independently